Conflict in Organisations

Introduction The opposition or occurrence of differences between individuals or a group of persons is what is known as conflict. Conflict is a term that has been in the past perceived to be bringing about negative effects between or among a group of individuals. In the recent past, research has shown that despite its negativity conflict is also very important especially in organisations.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Conflict in Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this depends on how you view it once it has occurred. Conflict is thus inevitable in any society whether between individuals or organisations (Jensen, 2009, p.1). Conflict may also occur between nations thus it can occur everywhere. This paper is a summary of conflicts that are in organisations and how they should be managed. If not well handled, conflict may bring about permanent differences which may not be desirable. What i s organisational conflict? An organisation is made up of a group of people working together so as to achieve the set goals and objectives of the organisation. Each person in a group of people usually has their own way of thinking and behaviour hence the need to pool all the differences to be union. Organisational conflict arises when the members of the organisation fail to agree on certain issues and decisions. The differences may be on matters concerning financial resources, interests and values of the organisations (DiGirolamo, 2006, p.2). It is said that not all conflict is bad though some may bring bad results, others are essential for the progress of the organisation. In an organisation the managers are therefore responsible for making sure that all its members are working as a team despite their differences so as to ensure smooth running of the organisation. Causes of conflict in organisations As mentioned above conflict is inevitable in organisations and thus is bound to occu r because of the following reasons. A major cause of conflict is the different ways of thinking among individuals and the way they perceive issues. The fact that people have different morals, values and ethics they handle issues differently. The different motivation among people also causes conflict. People have different levels of satisfaction and motivation. Therefore, in a group of people each individual will be aiming to achieve a certain objective or goal which may not be similar hence causing conflict in the group.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another cause of conflict is the difference in myths and philosophy. Each individual believe that their way of solving issues is the best and are usually not ready to face opposition and accept any corrections thereby bringing about conflict in the organisation. Individual stress is another common cause of conflict whereb y due to an individual’s internal pressure one is forced to take actions and decisions that are not worth making this in the end leads to opposition from the other members hence causing conflict. Inadequate resources available to meet the objectives of the organization also may bring about conflict in the organisation. This occurs especially when the top management dispatches less resources be it raw materials, time, wages or any other resource to be involved in production and yet expects the output to be of the desired quality. This cannot happen as the employees may have some shortfalls and fail to achieve the set objectives hence not satisfying the management and at last causing conflict in the organisation. Lastly the struggle of power in the organisation may also be a cause of conflict in the organisation. Individuals who are competing for a certain post within the organisation may always be at logger heads since each wants to fit in a certain position. This struggle cre ates enmity among the competing individuals and hence conflicting in everything. Functions of conflict in an organisation Conflict is not necessarily a bad thing if it occurs in an organisation, in fact it should be well received and instead be used as a stepping stone to the betterment of the organisation. Functional conflict is one that leads to improvement of the organisation. The conflict that occurs in such a manner is always welcomed by the organisation. Functional conflicts lead to uncovering of matters that could be detrimental to the organisation if left hidden for longer time. Once there is a conflict in an organisation the affected members tend to disclose all that they have been hiding and hence the management is in a position to unravel the information from them. This is a very strategic tool that helps the top management of an organisation to be able to know what is happening behind their backs and take preventive measures or full control of the situation (Jensen, 2009 , p.1). Secondly, conflicts in an organisation helps the individuals to gain the knowledge and experience of solving problems as they arise. The lessons learnt from managing and coping with conflicts within the organisation gives them the power and strength in handling other problems that may arise in the organisation.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Conflict in Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conflicts also assist an individual to learn to be concerned with matters outside his or her personal scope as well. The individual learns the virtues to have so to comfortably live and work with the other people. Dysfunctional conflicts in organisations These are the disadvantages or negative outcomes that arise as a result of occurrence of a conflict. The major problem that comes about upon occurrence of a conflict within the organisation is the renunciation of the people to work together as a team or group. In other words people now prefer working as an individual rather than working in groups where it is prone to occurrence of conflicts. Others who fear conflict also opt to work on their own instead of having to disagree with the other members of a group. In such a case the organisation loses excellence performance which in most cases is brought about by pooling together of ideas and efforts. Mediation is usually a difficult thing once conflict has occurred. Despite efforts by the seniors or top management to reunite members who have conflicted the affected members if stubborn on their stand and opinion then this becomes difficult and hence a problem in the organisation. Sometimes members who have conflicted usually fail to tell the initial cause of the problem and how it can be solved if possible. Due to this the problem is not solved and the organisational operations and processes continue to be affected Another major dysfunction of conflict is that of putting to a stop to a ll the processes and efforts been put so as to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organisation. Once a conflict occurs and the top management discover that it obstructs their means of achieving their goals they then halt everything to solve conflict at hand first. This in turn causes delay and at other times failure of goal achievement (DiGirolamo, 2006, p.5).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managing conflict When either of the aforementioned conflicts occurs in organisation the management should be in a position to deal with them simultaneously so that the functional conflict may not end up being dysfunctional conflict hence being a problem. There is however no defined formula to follow when dealing with either of the conflicts, it only depends on the mangers own intuition and way of thinking. In some instances the decision to take no action or do nothing becomes the best option. At other times the decision to involve the affected parties becomes the best decision. This gives a clear indication that the whole issue of managing conflict will only depend on matters at hand. Communication should be effective if at all conflict is to be properly dealt with. It is through communication that important details of any conflict is gathered and used to solve the problem. Inadequacy of information in an organisation is very detrimental as it leads to hiding of vital information w hich may only erupt with the fall of the organisation. Therefore a very unique method of dealing with conflicts is mingling the conflicting individuals in one group. As a result the people will communicate with each other while in the group and hence end the conflict on their own without involving the management (Jensen, 2009, p.1). This is very simple and effective way of solving conflicts because it is less cumbersome and less involving while at the same time creating good relationship in the long-run. Conclusion The above discussion clearly indicates that conflict is present in every corner of the society thus inevitable. As to whether conflict is good or bad depends on how one perceives the whole issue. Therefore organisations are required to maintain a comfortable and desirable environment for both of them and the employees. This reduces the possibility of occurrence of conflicts within the organisation. Each and every organisation should have an idea of the root causes of conf licts in the organisation which may include either one or a combination of the following: insufficient communication within and without the organisation, competition for resources and posts in the organisation, policies that are not well defined just to mention but a few. Apart from the functional and dysfunctional conflict we have another conflict that is the ugly conflict. This type of conflict arises when the top management and at other times the employees try to stamp down conflicts without solving them. They in other words try to hide or eliminate the conflict. Ugly conflicts can be indicated by the having conflicts that take a very long period of time before they lapse. Also when as manager you are not getting any incidences of conflicts in your organisation it gives an indication of ugly conflicts. The fact that conflicts are healthy and common it will be abnormal for any organisation to function without conflicts. An organisation that lacks conflicts is questionable and is t herefore an indication of ugly conflict. Occurrence of ugly conflicts in most cases depicts failure of the top management and are thus said to be responsible for it. Reference List DiGirolamo, J. (2006). Conflicts in Organisations. Retrieved from http://turbochargedleadership.com/docs/Conflict_in_Organizations.pdf Jensen, M. (2009). Functional Vs, Dysfunctional Conflict. Web. This term paper on Conflict in Organisations was written and submitted by user Russell Woodard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Parthenon essays

The Parthenon essays Greek culture blossomed after the Persian Wars. General Pericles around the 450s BC led the reconstruction of Athens; which became the most beautiful city in all of Greece. Pericles greatest structure built under his command was the Parthenon. The Parthenon was a temple built for the patron goddess Athena (goddess of wisdom and art). Construction started 447 BC and continued until 432 BC. The structure is located in Athens Greece, on the acropolis. The architects Ictinus and Callicrates designed the building. The Athenians wanted to achieve the appearance of perfection on the Parthenon. They did this by widening the columns at the center, making them appear strait when viewed from a distance; the steps leading to the Parthenon were lowered in the center giving the impression that they were strait from either side(Farah,116). Phidias was the artist that sculpted the art for the Parthenon. He himself did not sculpt everything but advised the other sculptors. The temple was 102 by 226 feet, rising 60 feet of the ground. It included two rooms, the naos the larger of the two is where a 42 foot tall sculpture of Athenia was located. The smaller room opisthodomos was used as a treasury(Web). Pattern of 8 by 17 Doric fluted columns surround the structure. The Parthenon is a Doric peripteral temple, which means that it consists of a rectangular floor plan with a series of low steps on all sides. Pentelic marble was used as the building material, which came from Mount Pentelicus 11 miles from Athens. The pentelic marble had shots of iron. This gave it a luminescent look when viewed on sunny a day. Lintels, horizontal supporting beams that span between columns were tied by bow-tie shaped iron clamps to secure them. Sculptures once decorated the pediments of the building. The eastern pediment depicted the birth of Athena and western pe ...

The Relationship Between Objectivity and Subjectivity in Essay Writing Research Paper

The Relationship Between Objectivity and Subjectivity in Essay Writing - Research Paper Example Essay writing involves a writer expressing themselves on a presentation that was based on the five human senses. This chapter is an emphasis on the fact that writers are required to write essays that describe various phenomena, which they should explain in a manner that helped the reader understand the content of the essay. In line with this, the chapter essentially underlines that different essays have varied writing styles with each style focusing on a particular level of description that a writer should use. One other noteworthy point highlighted by the chapter regards the relationship between objectivity and subjectivity in essay writing and with regard to the underlying principles that guide description. In this case, a writer can describe an object without relying on their personal experiences and emotions about the object they described. In effect, the writer is objective in their description. Conversely, a writer may express their personal feeling and opinion regarding an obj ect, which makes the subjective in their description. Overall, the chapter is crucial in outlining the various ways that a writer can use the description in writing quality essays. First, the chapter highlights the importance of focusing on a particular line of thought regarding the subject of discussion. In this case, writers are supposed to base the content of their essay on a thesis statement, which becomes the line of thought throughout the essay. Conversely, the chapter highlights the use of description in choosing content that a writer should include in their essay while ensuring that the content of the essay is in line with the thesis statement, which is the essay’s dominant impression.

Customer satisfaction in the mobile telecommunication industry Dissertation

Customer satisfaction in the mobile telecommunication industry - Dissertation Example Basically, the purpose of research is the production of knowledge on how to best address the world’s problems, new ideas that lead to improvements and evidence carefully and meticulously gathered. Research on customer satisfaction involves finding out what a customer wants, how he wants it and providing it when he needs it. Several scholars in the business field recognize that substantial investments have been put in research on customer satisfaction. A successful company like Wall-mart knows more about its customers and uses this information to generate profits (Denove & Power, 2011).The only way to know whether customers are satisfied with a certain product is by doing research especially in a market like the mobile telecommunication industry in Nigeria. In cases of such an industry, even the employees of that company are customers, and their attitudes towards their employer affect their dealings with the customers. If satisfied with the services of their employer, such empl oyees will work hard not just in their dealings with a customer but also in evangelizing for the firm. Herein arises the fact that it is crucial when doing research a company should cater for both its internal and external customers.Customer satisfaction is an unclear and undefined field having personal bias affecting judgment and, therefore, any company should strive to know what satisfies their customers through intense research. Apparently, psychological aspects together with physical variables directly.... In cases of such an industry, even the employees of that company are customers, and their attitudes towards their employer affect their dealings with the customers. If satisfied with the services of their employer, such employees will work hard not just in their dealings with a customer but also in evangelizing for the firm. Herein arises the fact that it is crucial when doing research a company should cater for both its internal and external customers. Customer satisfaction is an unclear and undefined field having personal bias affecting judgment and, therefore, any company should strive to know what satisfies their customers through intense research. Apparently, psychological aspects together with physical variables directly affect utility of a product which in turn determines customer recommendation on such a product. Thus, this is a complex cycle and can only be unearthed by research done from time to time. Research philosophy My approach to research is one of searching for valua ble knowledge of issues affecting us in the everyday life. The world is complex and keeps emerging as such it is almost impossible to understand the world through principles (Lancaster, 2005). My research agenda can be divided into two; customer satisfaction and changing trends in the mobile telecommunication industry. In my research, I have found evidence that deep unanswered questions on customer satisfaction affect most businesses eating deep into their profit account. I hope to pursue this issue with an aim of helping businesses and I understand the customer’s satisfaction better to maximize profits. Research methodologies This section describes procedures that were followed in conducting research. The pertinent areas to be

Rome Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rome - Assignment Example Along the road, there are both aristocratic tombs and the more common and simple tombs. One of the aristocratic tombs along the road is for Cecilia Metella who was a roman consul’s daughter. Lastly, the Via Appia had economic importance. It was used by roman merchants who wanted to access the south eastern seaports of Italy. Ostia sits on river Tiber’s mouth. It is at this port where ships from the Mediterranean docked. Subsequently, they unloaded cargo into barges which was then transported upriver to Rome. Therefore, the city of Ostia was significant to Rome since it had vital shipping interests. Many items and goods entered Rome via the port of Ostia such as wine, oil, olive and food. As such, the port was quite important for Rome. Monte Testaccio stands as a detritus mountain in a city characterized by storied hills. The romans used Monte Testaccio as a rubbish dump. All amphorae originating from the Roman Empire’s provinces were dumped in monte testaccio. During the roman era, amphorae were the primary container used for the storage and transportation of goods. Due to their re usability and low cost, these containers were produced en masse, although most of them ended up at the dump site. Most of the containers (amphorae) discarded at Monte Testaccio were used to carry olive oil. Continuous dumping of these containers led to the creation of Monte Testaccio. Imperial dye was made from a specific type of sea snails found in the Mediterranean Sea. The romans would extract the hypobranchial gland from the snails and salt added to the resulting juice. Next, the liquid was boiled down to form imperial dye. The marble map of Rome was drawn between 203 to 211 CE. It covered a whole wall inside Rome‘s Pacis Templum. The map illustrated or showed the ground plan of each and every architectural structure in the old city. Thus, the marble map featured structures ranging from the vast public

Ecotourism In The Uk Tourism Market Tourism Essay

Ecotourism In The Uk Tourism Market Tourism Essay Introduction In the recent past eco-tourism became more and more attractive for tourists worldwide. This paper gives a definition of eco-tourism and is searching to answer the question why it is not promoted as a major tourism sector of the United Kingdom (UK). The position of eco-tourism and its noticeable lack of promotion within the UK are examined, while the role and potential of ecotourism in the UK is discussed. Definition of ecotourism Based on Fennell (2008), Ecotourism has various meanings but he suggested that five individual objectives have to be set to create ecotourism: Minimal impact management/small scale Nature-based product/low impact Contribution to community Environmental education Contribution to conservation Mc Laren (2003: 91) defined ecotourism as a participatory experience in the natural environment. At its best, ecotravel promotes environmental conservation, international understanding and co-operation, political and economic empowerment of local populations, and cultural preservation. When ecotravel fulfils its mission, it not only has a minimal impact, but the local environment and community actually benefit from the experience and even own or control it. At its worst, ecotravel is environmentally destructive, economically exploitive, culturally insensitive, greenwashed travel. Due to the development of ecotourism, a variety of new destinations have been encountered which have been previously dismissed as isolated and unreachable for tourists. Some examples of this trend could be tropical rainforests, oceans and even desert environments, where the majority are situated in the less-developed areas on the globe. Most of these new destinations are poor and underdeveloped. Timothy and Boyd (2003) explain that ecotourism and heritage tourism overlap, where ecotourism encompasses the natural and protected types of landscape, which include eco-tourists visiting heritage attractions. This could be for instance state houses, castles and national parks . The problem with the term ecotourism is, that any tourist-operator can label and promote its product as ecotourism, because there are disappointingly no restriction that rule the use of it. The term ecotourism may be used inappropriate out of ignorance of the principles and ideals that the term carries, but misuse on purpose as a marketing tool also appears to be very common (Black and Crabtree 2007). Another reference from book Forms of ecotourism in the UK The UK has four national tourist agencies, the English Tourism Council, the National Ireland Tourist Board, VisitScotland and the Wales Tourism Board. These promote each country to international and domestic tourists. The Green Tourism Business Scheme in the UK accredits different places for tourists which are trying to trim down their environmental impact. Every business is getting tested in a 2-year period to ensure they fulfil the criteria (i.e. support of public transport, use of local produce,). (Green Tourism 2009). Ecourism is already getting promoted within the UK. An example could be the ECO-Guide 2010 of the Tourist Information which promotes to people who love to walk in nature how they can reduce their environmental impact. It offers different walks such as some in the Lake District and where you can discover the hill carvings in Oxfordshire. Hall et al (2007) describes the beach as vital national asset for the international and domestic tourism in the UK, and a new Marine and Coastal Access Bill from 2009 made by the UK government was created to secure a long-distance route around the coast of England. The aim was to provide public access for coastal walking and other recreational activities, as well as designate marine conservation zones to protect them from damaging activities (direct.gov.uk). . Various different eco-tourism operators promote destinations which are fulfilling -or partially fulfill the components for ecotourism. Patterson (2007) relates that the growth of the ecotourism market has stimulated the development of eco-operators. An example of this is the growth of seal-watching at spots on the UK coastline. The Wales Tourism Board is offering through operators wildlife adventure boat trips to experience the landscape scenery and see seabirds, seals, whales and dolphins. These are stating on their website that they are acutely aware of their responsibility to the unique eco-system within which they operate and follow the codes of conduct to provide a low impact, educative (visitpembrokeshire.com). The difficulties to generate Ecotourism in UK The problems ecotourism operators are facing when they are looking for a possible destination is that there are not a lot of natural relatively untouched areas left within the UK. Consequently it cant actually satisfy the criteria of low impact and small scale orthodox tourism. There are approximately 62 million people living in the UK and the population density amounts to 659,6 people per square mile , which is the 51st highest rate in the world. Furthermore, the Office for national Statistics predicts that the UK population will increase by 4,3 million by 2018. If that trend continues, in 2033 there will be 71,6million people living in the UK (statistics.gov.uk). Beeton (1998) identified that the main ecotourist group are the 20-40 year old, followed by a second large group, 55 years and older. She indicates that people of this age are seeking for different types of holiday. In addition to that she states that ecotourists tend to be higher educated than other tourists and having a higher incomes, which is generally linked with that. Due to the fact they have a higher income, they have therefore the money to spend it on more expensive and exotic ecotours abroad. In destinations abroad they can full fill their desire to see nature and wildlife which they cant see in the UK. Trends and Potential in the UK Responsible travel has been receiving quite strong coverage in UK travel media. Ecotourism is rising as a considerable market trend in the UK, as wider consumer market trends towards lifestyle marketing and ethical consumption spread to tourism. and places this in the context of campaigns by Voluntary Service Overseas and Tearfund. Between 1999 and 2001 the percentage of UK holidaymakers aspiring to be willing to pay more for an ethical holiday increased by 7 per cent from 45 per cent to 52 per cent (sagepub.com ). There have been many developments in the UK with regard to the adoption of sustainable practices and techniques amongst tourism providers. Case Study: Paradise Wildlife Park, Broxbourne, Hertfordshire Paradise park is a Zoo located in Broxbourne, Hertfordshire and has a passion for wildlife conservation and is involved in various breeding programmes for endangered species. They even managed to rear two White Lion Cubs, of these just a few ones are existing in the world. The Park has recently opened a new Discovery Centre which is committed to educate visitors in their new classrooms. The Park is making constant efforts to become more green and sustainable, it introduced recycling of rubbish throughout the park. Paradise Park became the number one visitor attraction in Hertfordshire if looked at number of visitors, and is providing not just Jobs inside the park, it also contributes to the local community by bringing tourists into the city. (pwpark.com) Conclusion Ecotourism has the characteristics of sustainability, conservation and appreciation of the attraction being visited. Due to the named reasons completely orthodox ecotourism in the UK is unlikely, but if the more passive objectives like natural environment were removed, there is a great potential to generate more ecotourism. These may satisfy all the criterias of other active components (i.e. environmental education, contribution to conservation), even it is a more artificial type of ecotourism. There are many ecotourism activities taking place in the UK but it doesnt get promoted as a major market because not that many ecotourism destinations are existing. The trends reveal that the customer demand is changing to more sustainable types of holiday which offers a great potential to eco-tourist operators to promote and sell more of their tours.

Analyse the Opening Chapter of Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Analyse the opening chapter of Great Expectations The author Charles Dickens wrote ‘Great Expectations’ as a series of instalments, which then put together and turned into a novel. It has been written in first person narrative, which is good because you get to know pip very well. My expectations of the opening chapter of ‘Great Expectations’ Where far from what I experienced when we actually read the book. It was also set in the olden days. By the end of the story I found it quite entertaining. In the first paragraph we expect to be introduced to the plot, characters and the setting. In this first chapter Pip meets the convict up on the graveyard, which is the highlight of the chapter. The convict scars pip into bringing him ‘whittles’ which means necessary like food and drinks. The convict also gets pip to bring him a file because pip mentions that his brother in law is a blacksmith. Pip is scared of the convict because of the language he uses ‘keep still you little devil or ill cut you’re throat. When a ‘fearful man, all in course grey, with an iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered and he glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin’ says that to a young child we believe to be about 11 – 14 years old Pip is going to do everything he is asked to do and exactly when he says it. The first character to be introduced was Pip. In the first paragraph he introduces himself and tells us that his fathers name was ‘Pirrip’ and his Christian name is ‘Philip’ so he mixed the two names together and came up with ‘Pip’. His mother and father died before he can remember them and there was no such thing as photos in those days so they do not know what they look like or what they are like to talk to and get on with. Pip got introduced first because he is the main character. The other character we meet in this chapter is the convict. The author gives the convict an animal imagery when he 'ate the bread ravenously'. Pips character is polite and he speaks to the convict who is threatening his life using words like 'kindly please to let me keep

Biological Psychology Essay

In book one chapter 4, it is suggested that there is a special brain region for the recognition faces, to what extend does the evidence in book 4,chapter 2 support this? Explain how the evidence shows that it would be an over simplification to assume that functional organisation of the brain is entirely genetically determined. In your answer state what other factor is more likely to be involved. (No more than 300words) Face recognition is an important specific function of human brain. Moreover, face recognition reflects the specialization nature of human brain. The efficient processing of visual stimuli finally leads to face recognition. Brain contains fast and dedicated circuits to perform relevant computations required for face recognition. Kanwisher and associates invented fusiform face area (FFA) as potential brain centre for face recognition. The improved versions of the brain image scanning proved that FFA is solely responsible for face recognition. It extracts configural information about faces rather than processing spatial information on the parts of faces. If the FFA is damaged due to injuries to the human brain, the affected patient cannot recognise the faces of even closest people or family members. However, most recent experiments suggest that FFA is also responsible for recognition of other body parts along with the face. As brain is powerful than a digital camera, at very high scanning resolution processed at this portion, the two separate sub parts will have specialized functions for recognition of face and other body parts. FFA is highly believed to be specialized region for face processing. This also reflects the fine grain structure of human brain and the relevance of recent digital scanning image techniques with high resolution power. Though the recent schools of thought came up with the linkage of several factors to the face recognition process, earlier there was a strong feeling that it was solely decided by the genetic factors. The role of transduction i. e. the conversion of physical stimuli to neural actions and receptor potential and action potential is very significant in image processing and face recognition. The photoreceptors convert the light energy to neural images. In this way there was over simplification of genetic basis of functional organization of human brain. (293 words). B) To what extent does the evidence from studies of the FFA support the idea that neural correlate of visual consciousness can be related to the FFA? ( Answer no more than 220words) It is highly proved that the neural correlate of visual consciousness is primarily responsible for the fusiform face area and face recognition. The fine grain structure of the brain facilitates visual consciousness of several neurons. Face recognition comprises of three stages. These stages have linkage to specific regions of the brain. It was found that the inferior occipital gyrus was particularly sensitive to slight physical changes in faces. Similarly, the right fusiform gyrus (RFG), and the anterior temporal gyrus (ATC), are believed to have connection with th neural processing of visual consciousness and face recoggnition. The sequence of flow of transmission from receptor potential to action potential also supports the link between neural correllate of visual consciousness and FFA. At the same time, the role of photoreceptors in conversion of light energyy to neural image and retinal processing in the form of retinal ganglion cells contribute for the neural correlate of the visual consciousness which in turn is related to the FFA. The retinal ganglion cells have steady firing rate when visual stimulation is absent where as they exhibit alterations in firing rate durig visual stimulation. This also plays significant role in link between FFA and neural correlate of visual consciousness. (201 words). Question 2 This question relates to the material in book 4 chapter 1,2 and 3 A) State four factors that contributes to the response time of neuronal pathways, giving an explanation for each factor. Give an example of how one of these factors affects speed of transmission in the visual system (Answer no more than 200 words) In cases of FOK i. e. â€Å"feeling of knowing† the people will have a feeling that they know about a particular face but their brain doesn’t make them to recognise. It becomes very common with aging of human beings. The difference in response times of neronal pathways is affected by these factors. It was found that the medial prefrontal cortex exhibited activity during the FOK state, but not when the subjects either knew or did not know a face. Possibly this reflects a state in which subjects were evaluating the correctness of retrieved information. Additionally, the anterior cingulate area became activated both in the FOK state and when subjects successfully retrieved a name but with some effort. The anterior cingulate area is associated with cognitive conflict processes which allow a person to detect errors in automatic behavior responses. During the recall of personal episodic memories frontal lobes involved in self-awareness and visual memory are actvely engaged . (156 words). B) With the reference to book 4, p. 51 figure 2. 2 identify a location and role for each following: i) receptor potential ii)synaptic potential iii)action potential, giving the main characteristics of each (Answer no more than 250words). Neurons, in general, maintain an electric potential difference across their external membrane. It is caused by a differential distribution of electric charges across the membrane of the cell, living the inside of the cell membrane negative in comparison to the outside. The value of the membrane potential in a given nerve cell may vary from -40 to -80 in different nerve cells. In this process, neurons and muscle cells, can serve as a signaling mechanism. This also results in an input signal which is known as synaptic potential. Receptor potential is also synonymous with synaptic potential. The excitatory potential is known as receptor potential. Similarly, an integrative signal, occurs mainly at the initial segment of the axon and the axon hillock. A conductive signal is also known as action potential and an output signal is positioned at the synaptic terminal. During the process of stretching, the duration and amplitude of sensory stimulus decides the duration and stimulus of receptor potential. The receptor potential will get converted to action potential at the trigger zone. The amplitude and duration of receptor potential decides the number and frequency of action potential. Action potential is nothing but the output signal of the neuron. The frequency and pattern potential firing will have remarkable impact on quantity of neurotransmitter released at the action terminal points. (219 words). C) The retinal ganglion cells in book 4 figure 2. 2 p. 51 have input from different types of chemical synapse. One of these cells is depicted schematically in figure 2. 3a. Explain how the input differ in their effects and how these different effects are produced . ( Answer no more than 200 words). As depicted in Book 4 Figure 2. 2, the retinal ganglion cells of human eye receive different forms of chemical synapse. They receive input from photo receptor cells like rods and cones, outer plexiform layers, inner plexiform layers, amacrine cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells. In Figure 2. 3 a, the role of photoreceptors in supplying chemical synapse to retinal ganglion cells is depicted well. Different types of retinal ganglion cells encode different visual stimuli. The difference in visual stimulus is resulted by the type of receptor from which chemical synapse is received and the way in which these inputs are wired together. In the region of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus, these retinal ganglion cells synapse. There are six layers of neurons in LGN and they receive input from one eye only. They comprise of two ventral layers called magnocellular layers and four dorsal layers known as parvocellular layers receiving different inputs. The retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve in human eye. (163 words). D) Outline two types of neural network that you might find in the visual system and state the advantage of each (Answer no more than 100words). Two prominent types of neural net works present in human visual system are magnocellular neural pathway and parvocellular neural pathway. They are also known as M channel and P channels respectively. Magnocellular pathway takes care of ventral portion and parvocellular pathway covers the dorsal portion receiving different inputs resulting in different visual effects. They end in lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex and visual chiasma. The advantage of magnocellular pathway is that it connects the 1st and 2nd layers of LGN. Similarly, the parvocellular pathway connects 3rd, 4th , 5th , and 6th layers of LGN. (95 words).

Dream Analysis essays

Dream Analysis essays I chose this topic mainly due to how much the subject intrigues me. I usually am a person who searches for an answer that is correct and definite. This subject, on the other hand, has no correct answer. Instead, it has different hypotheses in which the reader can either believe or distrust; I have made my own educated guess about dreams. Within this paper includes many details pertaining on dreaming and some theories that I have found to be most captivating. Why do animals dream? Are the reams instructions from the spiritual world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure, but one theory that I found is prevalent is that dreams result from the physiological "exercise" or the synapses of the brain. There is no proven research that can declare why mammals dream, which is the reason as to why there are so many theories on the topic. Some theories that I read have evolved from such famous doctors as Sigmund Freud. The theories involved are mind boggling, but if read carefully, can put anyone into deep thought as to a logical reason for their dreams. This process of thinking is called interpreting or analyzing. From such famous psychiatrists like Sigmund Freud and his theory that dreams carry our hidden desires, while Jung believes that dreams carry a detailed meaning. Although not specifically of desire, but that the dreamer can use cautious steps as to interpret these dreams. After these ancient theories, others continued such research like Cayce. He states that in dreams are our bodys means of building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well-being. One interesting argument came between Evans', Crick and Mitchinson theories. Evans believes that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of information gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson believe that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory...

Did Society Help the BTK Killer Professor Ramos Blog

Did Society Help the BTK Killer On March 9, 1945, one of America’s most famous and heinous serial killers was born. One man viciously tortured and killed 10 random victims. He would stab them multiple times and in many cases, would strangle them with ropes, plastic bags, and belts until they suffocated. (Crawford). This man was named Dennis Radar and has been known as the â€Å"BTK killer†.   The acronym stands for â€Å"Blind, torture, and Kill†, which was his method for killing his victims. He also gained the name for writing letters to the public anonymously after each murder, signing off with this short name. Dennis Radar grew up in Kansas along with three other siblings. (biography.com Editors). Right from the bat, Dennis Radar was not an average citizen. At a young age he tortured several animals and had odd sexual fetishes with women. Rader is truly a monster in our society, but the question lies heavily on the reasons for his actions. Analyzing Radar’s childhood in torturing an imals and mental instability, his former job as a navy force and what was left after, and his yearn for attention in the public by taunting police officers about what he has done can give us a keen eye of what caused Dennis to become a monster in society. The necessary cause of Dennis Rader’s heinous acts and monster representation could be tied down to his mentally unstable health that has been dismissed as a child. Rader grew up in Kansas along with three other siblings. He had a decent family life but at a young age, Rader showed some abnormal and unstable traits. He would torture and hang the cats and dogs at his farm. (Biography.com staff). These actions show that there is something definitely corrupt about his mind already. If there was a chance that his friends or family were to see, he’d be able to get some kind of intervention that could aid his desires to develop farther. Furthermore, the article also states Radar would steal women’s underwear and keep them in his room. He also admitted that he would fantasize about torturing and killing women. (Crawford). This shows that Rader’s personality is a very abnormal and dominant personality, especially towards women. The abnormal and strange deeds along with his scary desires portrays this is a root cause for his actions. If possibly he could have had help in aiding his desires with the help of a psychiatric, it can be that these desires and deeds he had would not expand and grow deeper. The mental instability and desires he had is one of the necessary causes of his heinous actions. Along with the BTK Killers childhood, his previous employment could be another remote cause of his actions. A documentary geared towards Radar’s life explains that in his employment, Radar was enlisted in the navy force and had a high position. Afterwards, he quit and became a compliance officer. (AE documentaries). It states that the reason he took this job could be due to him satisfying his desires of being controlling and powerful. During his time here, he was known as being the most â€Å"disrespectful, crude person†. He would give citations to women only about the dogs in the neighborhood.   In the video on minutes 37:10, a fellow acquaintance of the BTK killer talks about how Rader would â€Å"look inside of her house and stare at her†. He had put down one of the residents dogs for no particular reason. This can perpetuate the fact that his former job caused him to feel more superior and powerful, thus eventually causing him to kill.   The former job he has had can be a reciprocal cause to why he committed the crimes because he had a high position in the navy force and after he wanted a more higher position that can help fulfill and grow his dominant sexual desires. Furthermore, after he went out of the navy, he was left with no job. He tried to enroll back in college but â€Å"earned nothing higher than a C†. He was left with nothing to do and after, he mentions that his fantasies have been going crazier than they have ever been before. This eventually led him to satisfy those desires and started off by staring at a neighborhood couple and imaging him torturing and killing them. (Crawford).   This comes to show that the isolation and loneliness of Radar’s life has got him to become left with nothing but his own thoughts and needs to feel powerful. He had nothing left to preoccupy his desires and shortly after that, he committed his first brutal murder. This illustrates that having no job and not being preoccupied can be a sufficient cause as to why he had projected the fantasies of torturing and killing citizens into reality. Another reason as to why Dennis Rader committed his acts and is known as a monster is his yearn for publicity and attention. Rader taunted former police officers about what he’s done in order to gain publicity. For example, an article analyzing Rader’s past states that â€Å"Seeking attention, Rader sent a letter to the Eagle, taking responsibility for an unsolved 1986 murder†. He’d constantly send out letters about what he did to the public and even wrote a book. (Rosen, J.).He’d leave notes to public libraries and tell them to refer to him as the â€Å"BTK killer†. In another peer reviewed article, it states that â€Å"serial killers in our society are treated as celebrities.† (Wiest). Serial killers get interviewed, their pictures get shown everywhere, and there name gets known just like celebrities. Rader’s name, BTK killer, was and is known after the actions he committed. At the time, â€Å"BTK killer† was well-known and discussed. A remote cause for Rader’s action to become a monster could be because of the publicity he was seeking. The actions of him going out of his way to admit that he did the crime and sending out letters to public officials could mean and indicate he wanted to gain attention for his actions or possibly his name known to the public. This shows that this can be a remote cause and one of his main reasons as to why he has become today’s monster. He wanted attention, so he killed more people. After that, he wanted more and more attention. This shows that this can be a reciprocal cause as well as a remote cause into why he is a monster. Dennis Rader fits the definition of the monster for the actions he has done. In Cohen’s Thesis 4, they state that the monster â€Å"dwells at the gate of differences†. (pg. 7). For example, in a short story, it discusses how the monster broke a sexual taboo (pg.9)   and â€Å"embodies sexual practices that must not be committed, only through the body of a monster. (p. 14). This can correlate with Dennis Raders actions. Rader tortured, blinded, and killed all of his victims. It states that most of his victims were women and hed find sexual pleasure in torturing and killing them. (AE docs). Rader definitely broke a sexual taboo and something that should not be committed, but he was also able to do it through the body of a monster. For him, the body of a monster was his cover as the BTK Killer. Furthermore, Rader fits Cohens Monster thesis 5 because the monster polices the borders of which to cross. It shows what is acceptable and is not acceptable in society and Raders actions help society show what we can and can not do. Overall, it is very evident that Dennis Rader is considered a monster today and fits Cohens seven monster theses. His mental instability and dominant powerful trait starting from a child, his previous job that sprouted his fantasies and desires, and the aftermath of his actions and publicity give us a brief explanation of what might have rooted his actions on why he committed such evil acts. The actions and deeds he has done is still widely talked about and known in our society today. He has opened our eyes on crime by his malice acts. Annotated Bib 1.) AE documentaries. â€Å"AE Biography the BTK Killer Speaks†. YouTube, uploaded by Thomas Day, 13 October 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCtBQQbZD-8 This is a documentary film about Dennis Raders life. They have gathered numerous reports from several different sources and real life people and victims to talk about Dennis Rader’s life. This documentary discusses all about Dennis’s life. I will use this source in order to help prove why his former life as a job showed evidence in him leading up to his image today. 2.) Biography.com Editors. (November 16 2017). â€Å"Dennis Rader Biography†. A+E Networks.                 https://www.biography.com/people/dennis-rader-241487 This article is about the serial killer Dennis Radar, known as â€Å"The BTK Killer†. It   discusses how the mind of Radar and what might have precipitated his actions in  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   becoming a serial killer. I will use this to start out the background of what he went   through and how I can use it to explain the cause of his actions. The article is credible  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   due to the source is funded by A+E, a government funded program that links with the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   juvenile and jail system. The author is also a credible author for she has been studying  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   crime and criminology. 3.) Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses)† Speaking of Monsters,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   doi:10.1057/9781137101495.0007. pp. 3-25 The reason for using Cohen’s article is to show how Dennis Radar has been referred to  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and known as the BTK killer and a monster. I will be using this to discuss how BTK   killer is considered a monster in our society today and how his actions and traits have led  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   up to him being a monster. 4.) Rosen, R. (2014). The Atlantic.   https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/01/the-floppy-did-me-in/283132/ Accessed 07 July 2018 This article is about Dennis Rader’s former life. It states that he’d constantly send out letters to the public after his crimes and also taunted police officers. I will be using this source in order to show the possible reason for him murdering was tied down to him wanting to gain publicity and attention. He wanted his name to be known. The author is credible due to being a Senior Writer and writing 45 articles. 5.) Wiest, Julie B. Casting Cultural Monsters: Representations of Serial Killers in U.S. And U.K.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   News Media. Howard Journal of Communications, vol. 27, no. 4, Oct-Dec2016, pp.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   327-346. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/10646175.2016.1202876. This article discusses how Serial Killers in the media are represented in the mass media. They are either referred to as monsters or celebrities. This source can be easily used in order to explain how or why might have drove Radar to be a monster.

Introduction to WiMAX Technology Research Paper

Introduction to WiMAX Technology - Research Paper Example Arguably one of the most epic accomplishments of the 21st century was the invention of the computer and the subsequent creation of computer networks. These two entities have virtually transformed the world as far as information processing and communication is concerned. The interconnection capability of computer systems can arguably be described as the feature that makes them more versatile and invaluable to their users. This being the case, the network functionality of computing systems has been exploited by organizations and individuals alike as efficient local and global communications became the defining attribute of success. As such, the creation of networks is key to any interconnected computing system. A network may be created that uses cables (fixed connection) or that use radio waves (wireless network). While fixed Internet networks continue to form the backbone of the communication system, wireless data transmission has become more favored for various reasons. Different forms of wireless technologies have come up to fulfill this role. Nuaymi asserts that WiMAX technology is at the present one of the most promising global telecommunication systems WiMAX emerged as a Broadband Wireless Access System that has many applications ranging from the mobile cellular network to backhauling. Considering the prominence of WiMAX in networking, this paper will set out to give a detailed discussion on some of the particular aspects of WiMAX. WiMAX specifications have gained significant success in the provision of Internet access.

BEER GAME Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BEER GAME - Essay Example Furthermore, during cold weather the demand declines drastically thereby increasing the cost of manufacturing the product. Businesses exist in self-sustaining cycles. When the demand for a product changes the prices of other complimentary products some of which are useful in the manufacturing process changes as well thereby compounding the challenges facing a business, the supply of bottled water for example uses such products and services as plastic bottles, branding and transportation among others. The nature of the product makes it susceptible to climatic conditions since they influence the demand thus compounding some of the supply challenges (SILK, 2006). The transportation cost for the bottled water is likely to increase during warm water as the demand for the product increases regionally. This implies that demand increases even to the transporters a feature of the business that is likely to increase the cost of conducting business thereby increasing the price of the product. D emand for bottled water increases during special occasions such as end year parties, graduations and sports among others. The demand for the product stays either constant or declines in the absence of such social gathering. The impromptu arrangement of some of the social functions makes it challenging the supplier to increase the quantity of the product during manufacture and to organize for their transportation to the university in time. Additionally, most of such occasions last a day and attracts undetermined quantity of people. Such occasions as graduations and sports attract many people while some occasions such as seminars and class parties may not attract as much people. The periodic nature of the demand coupled with the unreliable size of the demand makes both manufacturing and transportation to the university more challenging (PRASCH, 2008). It is more challenging to change the quantity of the product for a day and organizing for their transportation to the market. The sudde n organization of some of the events makes it more difficult for the business to set up the necessary infrastructure to manufacture an increased volume and transport them to the market in time. The problem increases since the company must find market for the excessive market should it increase its production yet the demand fails to meet the quantity of the supply. Such excessive production results in losses for the business (FISHER, 2007). Graduation gowns Graduation gowns on the other hand have a more determined market. The products are essential to the students at the end of every academic year as the students adorn them in their graduation ceremonies. This implies that the supplier has a specified amount of time of both manufacture and supply to the university, additionally; the supplier operates closely with the institution. The supplier of graduation gowns therefore has a determined market. However, the business just as any other faces numerous challenges most of which arise fr om the nature of the demand (BURROW & BOSILJEVAC, 2009). The products are for example relevant only during graduations. This implies that the supplier remains out of business during the rest of the academic days. The demand for the product stays minimal during the rest of the days but rises abruptly during the graduation day. While the supplier